Excerpt from The Herbartian Psychology Applied to Education: Being a Series of Essays Applying the Psychology of Johann Friedrich Herbart

When Scott wishes to give a reason for Reuben Butler"s occasional errors of judgment, he uses the palliative parenthesis: "for the man was mortal, and had been a schoolmaster."

When Bacon seeks to discover why men in general are so liable to those errors, he classifies under four heads the causes which predispose men to go astray: these are the four familiar idola. Since this word is used in a philosophical connection, it goes without saying that there has been a controversy as to its exact meaning. Those who are wrong take the view that it means the ordinary thing set up to be worshipped, a meaning that has exposed Bacon to severe censure from foreign critics. Hallam sensibly maintains that the word retains the meaning it had among the Greeks, and stands for an image as opposed to the reality, a false appearance as contrasted with the true nature of a thing.

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